They also estimated the lava volume at ~53 x 106 m3.At the lower end of this fissure eruption, a volcanic cone grew that was reported by GVO to have been named "Kahinga Kabarinzi" by local people, meaning "customary keeper's cone." Mus Roy Afr Centr, Tervuren (Belg), Dept Geol Mineral, Rapp Ann 1977, p 157-175. Eruption during 6 November 2011 to April 2012; pit crater morphology changes. Daily SO2 flux at Nyamuragira, measured by OMI during 28 November to 4 December 2006. The Observatory stated that wind had blown ash towards the W and ash fall had destroyed ~50 km2 of pasture and 150 km2 of crops up to 30 km from the volcano in the towns of Rusaya, Kirolirwe, Burungu, Minova, the Masisi territory, and the S part of Kichanga. The lava flowing down the mountain threatened both the roads running N from Goma and a wide area of the rebel-held territory that lies near the border between the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) and Rwanda. On 6 August only the lower part of the fracture was active; a cone (several hundreds meters long, ~70 m high) contained three very active lava fountains ejecting scoria to an altitude of ~100 m. From a breach in the lowest part of the cone (on the S), very fast moving lava flowed NE. As of 10 February satellite imagery continued to indicate high thermal fluxes from fresh lava flows. Information Contacts: N. Zana, IRS; K. Krafft, Cernay; Y. Pottier, Univ. . Information Contacts: Wafula Mifundu, Observatore Volcanologie de Goma (RDC-E), Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo; Jim Smith, US Agency for International Development / Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20523-8602 USA (URL: https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/organization/bureaus/bureau-democracy-conflict-and-humanitarian-assistance/office-us); Simon Carn, Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology (NASA/UMBC), University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. is a shield volcano located in the western end of the Virunga volcanic province (North Kivu, D.R. Res. . A large quantity of tephra, including Pele's hairs and tears, fell within 25 km of the vents, damaging vegetation and killing many animals (see below). A larger swarm was observed on 23 July (100 LP events). By the afternoon of 30 December, the lava flow was 15-20 km long, but only 300-400 m wide. The level of volcanic tremor was very low. Anomalies measured on 4 December 2006 (figure 29) appeared along a line nearly perpendicular to a line between the volcanos and about equidistant to the two volcanoes. Mount Nyamuragira is one of the worlds and Africa’s active volcano believed to have erupted at least 40 times since 1885 and the last eruption that occurred was on November 8 th, 2011 which was believed to have been the largest eruption in 100 years producing 400-meter column lava. More than 100 adventive cones are scattered along its flanks and in … Although seismic activity and warning phone calls occurred at the same time, there was no visible eruptive activity. Denaeyer M E, 1969. Volcanologists visited a new 65-m-high cone named Tumayhini that was formed from the eruption. Twentieth century flank lava flows extend >30 km from the summit. Also known as Nyamulagira, it has generated extensive lava flows that cover 1500 km2 of the western branch of the East African Rift. A press report described falls of both ash and Pele's hair during the first half of July in the Mokoto Hills, above the W escarpment of the rift ~20 km from the volcano. At present, there is a gap in data in the reporting stream that includes the year 2013. Comm.). The Goma volcano observatory confirmed that ash fell within a radius of 60 km of both volcanoes. Because of political instability, the team lacked access to the field. The lava lake remained active with periodic surges of thermal activity during November 2018-March 2019 (figure 82). The last eruption of Nyamulagira was on July 26, 2002 and did not cause casualties but destroyed dense tropical forest that is home to rich and varied wildlife. The lava flows did not reach inhabited areas and only affected vegetation in Virunga National Park. Nyamuragira last began erupting on 27 November 2006 (BGVN 32:01). The last 3 occurred within the past 1800 years. The ground rose more than 50 cm at the eruptive site where the spatter cone was developing. Bull Volcanol (2016) 78: 20. doi:10.1007/s00445-016-1014-7. Smets, B., Wauthier, C., D'Oreye, N., 2010c, The combined use of multispectral and radar satellite images to map the lava flow field of Nyamulagira (North Kivu, D.R.C. By 10 July, values remained high, but were lower over the volcano; estimated SO2 cloud mass was 80 kt. The broad low-angle shield volcano contrasts dramatically with its steep-sided neighbor Nyiragongo. The lake's surface had crusted over, with three vents exhibiting Strombolian activity (lava spattering and overflows producing short lava flows). Information Contacts: N. Zana, CRSN, Bukavu; H-L. Hody, GEOVAR, Kigali, Rwanda. After 15 March through at least July 2001, the same seismic patterns that preceded the February eruption were observed. Expand each entry for additional details. Activity at the new vent was preceded by an increase in microtremor amplitude recorded at a seismic station (Katale) 12 km E. Amplitude increased significantly from 8 June, indicating movement of new magma from a deeper source. Initial activity was detected on 25 July at 2040 UTC, with a large (57-pixel) thermal anomaly on the S and N flanks of the volcano. Table 3. Lake Nyos, SEAN 10:08, 11:08, and 11:09, and BGVN 15:11), a significant disturbance such as a large lava flow entering the lake could destabilize the stratified waters, triggering release of toxic gases from greater depths. The volcano was the scene of several seismic swarms in middle and late 2005 (BGVN 31:01). Lava was ejected to 120 m above the S vent. We discuss the longer-term MODVOLC data at the end of the main body of this report. Lava poured from many vents, forming one main flow towards the NNW. Remote thermal data. During observations 24-27 November, the active lava flow was fed from a tube at the W foot of cone 5, and extended 2.5 km. Smets and others (2010b) estimated the area covered by erupted products using an ASTER thermal image and found it to be 17.65 ? Some very minor and brief activity (possibly witnessed) might have occurred in the central crater, which was not visible from the Rumangabo site. Observatoire Volcanologique de Goma (OVG), MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP). In assessing the situation, authorities considered Goma to be safe from any potential lava flows as Mount Nyiragongo would serve as a buffer. Seismograms indicated clear increases in the numbers of both long-period and tectonic earthquakes and an increase in tremor amplitude. J. The E wall of the cone, near the dominant vents, was about 100 m high, but the W wall was only about 30 m high. apparently began on 20 or 22 September . Multi-vent eruption, 25 July-27 September 2002; regional earthquake. The main flows were 10.5-11 km long, and covered portions of the flow from the 2006 eruption (Ushindi) (figure 33). Typical monthly patterns of thermal anomalies show a concentration over the Nyiragongo crater lava lake. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI 4: 1-118. When geologists visited the vent on 14 May, they observed continuous lava fountaining and frequent bomb ejection. There was a period of low values during late September to early November 2014. Six or seven blocks of lava as large as 100 m across floated on top of the flowing lava, moving downslope at ~2 m/hour. The base can be reached with a walk of 5 hours going and 3 hours returning. The last eruption of Nyamuragira was in 2006, a VEI 2 event that produced lava flows on the south flank, similar to what is occurring now. An eruption began at Nyamuragira volcano on 2nd January 2010 at 4:58 am local time. Lava fountains up to 200 m high and large amounts of tephra were emitted 30 April-1 May. The eruption ended during the night of 14-15 January. in the final stage of the five month-long eruption on the NE flank of Nyamulagira, SO2-rich gas fumaroles were observed in the summit caldera of the volcano (D. Tedesco, Pers. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP380.9. However, the situation was complicated by the fact that EP TOMS has recorded SO2 emissions from Nyiragongo (~ 15 km SSE of Nyamuragira) since October 2002, and therefore some SO2 from Nyiragongo was also likely to be present. | December As of 6 May, the volcano was still erupting. Thermal hotspots identified by MODVOLC from 15 December 2019 through March 2020 were mainly located in the active central crater, with only three hotspots just outside the SW crater rim (figure 89). SO2 is measured over the entire earth using NASA's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the AURA spacecraft. Co-eruptive and inter-eruptive surface deformation measured by satellite radar interferometry at Nyamuragira volcano, DR Congo, 1996 to 2010. of the entire surface of the Nyamuragira lava-flow field (figures 30 and 38). Both MODVOLC and MIROVA thermal anomalies appeared again in early November and persisted through the end of the year. "SO2 gas emissions, radiated energy, and seismic activity during the April-December 2014 period illustrate very well the evolution of this new activity and the transition from lava fountaining activity to long-lived lava lake activity [figure 56].". Congo), in the rift depression. 9, 10, and 12). For the past two and a half years this portion of Zaire's border had contained camps with hundreds of thousands of refugees; over a month ago these refugees fled to escape fighting. Hamaguchi H (ed), 1983. As of 1 July, there was no indication that the eruption was nearing its end. Additional information about late-December 1976 activity. Hot tephra and gases kill livestock and plants. Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. By comparing advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) images acquired over the area before and after the eruption, analysts recognized lava flows in the summit caldera. Kampunzu, A. Satellite images acquired on 3 January 2012 showed fresh lava flowing to the N-NE (figures 42 and 43). Activity during 27 October-14 December 2002. Activity began in the volcano's summit caldera and later propagated to the N flank. Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). This false-color view combines shortwave infrared, near infrared, and green light. Volcanologists in the D.R. This was followed by a period of degassing with unusually SO2-rich plumes from April 2012 through April 2014 (BGVN 42:06). Reference. Zana, N., Tanaka, K., Janssen, T., and Mukeng, K., 1988, Seismic behaviour of volcanoes Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira prior and during eruptive episodes: Proceedings, Kagoshima International Conference on Volcanoes, p. 547-550. The front of the main flow appeared to be very wide, though it remained within the National Park boundaries. A lava lake in the summit crater, active since at least 1921, drained in 1938, at the time of a major flank eruption. Information Contacts: Observatoire Volcanologique de Goma (OVG), Departement de Geophysique, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles, Lwiro, D.S. On the night of the 26th, lava emerged from the W side of the Kanamaharagi cone (formed during the 1905 eruption), building a new parasitic cone (also named Kanamaharagi) at ~1,860 m altitude. MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Congo): Presented at Cities on Volcanoes 6, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, May 31-June 4. Jacques Durieux, the United Nations manager for Volcano Risk Reduction for the Goma Volcano Observatory (GVO), reported that at about 2000 on 26 October 2006 the observatory began to record sustained seismic activity. The initial scoria cone appeared inactive and second cone formed to the N of the first cone. Incandescence at the summit and increased seismicity was reported again in April 2014, along with increasing SO2 values. The Goma Volcano Observatory reported that a new eruption at Nyamuragira, which began on 8 May at 0548, was marked by strong volcanic tremor. Seismic activity in late February included fracturing earthquakes, mainly on the N and NE sides of the volcano. On the evening of 25 July an eruption produced a cloud of steam, gas, and ash, 100- to 200-m-high lava fountains, and lava flows down the N and S flanks. Eruptions at either Nyamuragira or Nyiragongo can threaten nearby towns, including Sake and Goma. Observations made during a flight over the volcano revealed that there were active lava flows. High lava fountains feed lava flow on NW flank. The team has included researchers from the OVG, Dario Tedesco, and other international scientists. [Project SR/00/113] (URL: http://www.ecgs.lu/gorisk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/GORISK_Final_Report_DISSEMINATION.pdf ), Smets, B., Wauthier, C., d'Oreye, N. (2010). Lava has erupted spectacularly from a fissure low on one of the volcano's flanks and spilled northward, away from populated areas. Case study: volcanic eruption. Tedesco, D., Badiali, L., Boschi, E., Papale, P., Tassi, F., Vaselli, O., Kasereka, C., Durieux, J., Denatale, G., Amato, A., Cattaneo, M., Ciraba, H., Chirico, G., Delladio, A., Demartin, M., Favalli, G., Franceschi, D., Lauciani, V., Mavonga, G., onachesi, G., Pagliuca, N.M., Sorrentino, D., and Yalire, M., 2007, Cooperation on Congo Volcanic and Environmental Risks, EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 88, no. Four craters were active at the beginning of the eruption. Expand each entry for additional details. Nyamuragira (or Nyamulagira) is frequently active, either within the summit caldera, or more problematically from varying locations on the flanks. Remarks: Co-eruptive deformation can be modeled with dyke intrusions. The well-defined cloud extended ~800 km NW from the volcano across the Democratic Republic of Congo on 6 February (figure 18a), covering an area of ~160,000 km2, with the highest SO2 values concentrated in a narrow band towards the N edge of the plume. Bukavu, DR Congo; Simon Carn, TOMS Volcanic Emissions Group, University of Maryland, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/). The eruption was not believed to present any danger to life or property. | April During a flight over Nyamuragira on 12 May scientists noted that volcanic activity remained strong, but stable. Nyamuragira also was the scene of a greater number of high frequency (HF) and long-period (LP) earthquakes. The NW-flank fissure eruption ended during the evening of 14 March. High levels of seismicity during September 1995. Landsat 8 satellite images taken on 30 June 2014 and 29 July 2014 were interpreted by NASA Earth Observatory analysts Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon. Between 27 July and 2 August, LP earthquakes continued to dominate seismicity NE of the volcano as well as along the SE fracture zone. Wright noted that if one looks at the position and orientation of the pattern of thermal anomaly pixels, it seems to vary over the period. Burning forests were reported to the NNE. After lower values during March 2012, they rise steadily and remain significantly elevated for all of 2013. Their log said that the ". Seismicity generally consisted of long-period (LP) earthquakes on the NE side of the volcano. An unusually large earthquake (Mw 6.1-6.2) and its aftershock (Mw 5.5) struck the region on 24 October 2002. Sources: NASA Earth Observatory; NOAA Satellite and Information Service; Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts Team. Many smaller branching flows were visible on the E side of the main flow. Press reports through 24 July continued to mention volcanic "smoke" or "dust" falling in the refugee camps. Lava fountain activity continued at the N end of the fissure [but see 17:1], producing a new cone and two lava flows. Lava lake activity resumed in June 1982, but had ceased by early 1983. Activity began, probably at about 0130, with a strong explosion from the upper end of the fissure (at 2,300 m altitude) that ejected a 3-4 km-high tephra cloud. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.008. Another 15 cm deformation was detected within the Nyamuragira caldera, which was accompanied by deflation observed on the flanks. Located ~100 m S of the 1971 Rugarama cone, this vent became active at 2148 on 4 July, but remained active for only 4-5 days. The lake ejected spatter every few seconds, rising as high as 200 m above the summit. Right: The same interferogram, but the phase is unwrapped and rewrapped into C-band wavelength for ease of comparison. At that time the lava extrusion rate was ~3 x 106 m3 per day, a typical value at this volcano. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports. A 400-m-long fissure opened before dawn 26 December in the saddle between Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo. Krafft, M., 1990, Führer zu den Virunga-Vulkanen: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, 192 p. Information Contacts: M. Kasahara and K. Tanaka, Hokkaido Univ; ICAO; H-L. Hody, GEOVAR, Kigali, Rwanda. A second increase in lava fountaining, to as much as 200 m height, began suddenly about 1300 on 4 January. Multiple images show incandescence in multiple places within the crater, suggesting significant fresh overflowing lava. This report covers activity from early July to the beginning of August 2003. On 27 October at 1500, another swarm of long-period earthquakes began beneath the same area. . Volcanologists did not have the opportunity to visit the latter cones prior to the publication of this report. The Toulouse VAAC reported that a diffuse ash plume was seen on satellite imagery on 29 January. Ash from the eruption blew W, destroying ~50 km2 of pasture land and ~150 km2 of crops in the towns of Rusayo, Kirolirwe, Burungu, the southern part of Kichanga, the Masisi territory, and Minova. It is a massive basaltic shield volcano that rises about 25 km north of Lake Kivu. Bukavu, DR Congo; Stephen J. Schaefer, Joint Center for Earth System Technology (NASA-UMBC), Mail Code 921, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA; George Stephens, NOAA/NESDIS, E/SP22, 5200 Auth Road, Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304, USA; Robert D. Farquhar, NOAA/NESDIS, FB-4, Suitland, MD 20233-9909 USA; Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Toulouse, Météo-France, 42 Avenue Gaspard Coriolis, F-31057 Toulouse cedex, France; Reuters Limited. Remarks: There is deformation associated with the 2006 eruption, but InSAR data coverage is sparse. References. Information Contacts: M. Krafft and K. Krafft, Cernay, France; W. Gould, NOAA. It is 13 km north-north-west of Nyiragongo, the volcano which caused extensive damage to the city of Goma in its 2002 eruption. GVO received reports from residents near the volcano of possible eruptive activity, but GVO scientists' view of the volcano was obscured by clouds. Park rangers reported hearing a loud explosion in the early morning before seeing flowing lava. Thermal emissions on figure 57 increased in June 2014, were minor for a period from late September to early November 2014, and increased once again for an interval extending through January 2015. Nyamuragira's new eruption has been called by scientists the "biggest eruption of the volcano within the last century" after a 1km long fissure erupted last week. Nyamuragira has a volume of 500 cubic km, and covers an area of 1,500 km It is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and has voluminous eruptions every few years. Historical eruptions from Nyamuragira (14 km NW of Nyiragongo) have occurred within the summit caldera and from numerous flank fissures and cinder cones. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior. This increase was thought to be related to rifting in the area of the Large African Lakes. Small, isolated SO2 signals were detected sporadically near the volcano until 6 March. Preliminary estimates by the GORISK Scientific Team for the 2011-2012 eruption indicated a volume of emitted lavas of at least 81.5 x 106 m3. Two bands image at a nominal resolution of 250 m at nadir, five bands at 500 m and the remaining 29 bands at 1,000 m. MODIS observed no hot spots prior to detecting a ~7 x 5 km anomaly centered 7-10 km N of the volcano summit on 7 February. Very little ground-based data is available to confirm the eruptive activity of 2017. . Fissure eruption; lava flow and tephra column. 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